Networking
DNS, IP addressing, routing, firewalls, load balancing and the protocols behind hosting.
Networking
Choosing a VPS Location in Europe: Latency, GDPR and Data Residency
How distance becomes latency, how to measure it for your own visitors with ping, mtr and curl, and what GDPR and data residency really ask of a server.
Networking
What Is a CDN and When Does a Site Need One?
How a content delivery network serves files from near the visitor, what it speeds up and what it does not, the free options, and which sites gain nothing.
Networking
TCP/IP Ports Every Hosting Admin Should Know
The ports behind web, mail, DNS, databases, SSH, RDP and control panels, what should be open on a server, and how to check what is listening and reachable.
Networking
What Is a Reverse DNS (PTR) Record and Why Email Needs It
How a PTR record maps an IP back to a hostname, why Gmail and Outlook reject mail from servers without one, how to check yours, and who can actually set it.
Networking
IPv4 vs IPv6 for Hosting: What Site Owners Need to Know
Why IPv4 addresses cost money and IPv6 is free, whether your site needs both, how to add an AAAA record, and the two things that break when IPv6 is half-done.
Networking
DNS Record Types Explained: A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, TXT, NS and CAA
Every DNS record you will meet running a site or email — what each is for, what goes in it, and the mistakes behind "site down" and "mail bounced".
Networking
How DNS Works: What Happens When You Type a Domain
A DNS lookup step by step — resolver, root, TLD and authoritative servers, TTL and caching — and why "propagation" takes time.